The Nordic Formation: EM / CA in Scandinavia and Finland by Wayne Martin Mellinger
The Nordic Formation
Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis in Scandinavia and Finland
Wayne Martin Mellinger, Ph.D.
The Nordic Formation
Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis in Scandinavia and Finland
Introduction: An Ecosystem, Not a School
The diffusion of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis (EMCA) from its California origins to the Nordic countries represents one of the most successful cases of paradigm transplantation in the human sciences. Yet what emerged in Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland was not a mere colonial outpost of the Santa Barbara School, but a distinctive intellectual formation—multilingual, institutionally grounded, obsessed with grammar-in-interaction, and tightly networked across national borders.
Understanding how EMCA took root in the Nordic region requires attending to multiple entry points, disciplinary locations, and local conditions. Unlike the concentrated emergence at UCSB or the UK's Loughborough school, Nordic EMCA grew as an ecosystem: a set of researchers who kept meeting in Tampere, Trondheim, Uppsala, Aalborg, Oslo, and Helsinki, sharing corpora, exchanging PhD students, and building research networks across small countries with generous research councils and habits of cross-national collaboration.
Crucially, the Nordic formation was not simply a matter of linguistic scholars discovering CA methods. It was also shaped by two often-overlooked UCSB-trained scholars who built bridges between California ethnomethodology and Scandinavian intellectual culture: Deirdre Boden, who brought organizational EMCA to Copenhagen Business School, and Jack Whalen, whose workplace studies at Xerox PARC connected Santa Barbara's institutional analysis tradition to Scandinavia's participatory design culture. These bridge figures help explain why Nordic EMCA developed its distinctive combination of linguistic sophistication, institutional focus, and technological engagement.
Part I: How EMCA Reached the Nordic Countries
Finland: The Linguistic Gateway
Finland developed the strongest Nordic EMCA tradition, and crucially, it arrived through linguistics rather than sociology. Auli Hakulinen, professor of Finnish language at the University of Helsinki, was the central figure. After exposure to conversation analysis during a period at London University (1967-68) and later encounters with MIT linguistics, Hakulinen recognized that CA's approach to turn-taking and sequential organization resonated with problems Finnish linguists faced in understanding spoken language.
By the 1980s, language for Hakulinen had become 'cooperation, dialogue of turn taking.' She introduced CA to Finland and built a research community that treated spoken Finnish not as a degraded version of written language but as an object of serious interactional study. Her 1993 review article with Marja-Leena Sorjonen, 'Research on spoken interaction in Finland,' mapped this early history and explicitly linked Finnish work to conversation analysis and interactional linguistics.
Two features of the Finnish context proved significant. First, the research community was small, which pushed scholars into collaborative group projects with shared corpora and joint publications—a pattern that would characterize Nordic EMCA generally. Second, the work was anchored in language departments but increasingly drawn toward EM/CA-style analysis of turn-taking, repair, assessments, and particles. This linguistic entry point meant Finnish EMCA developed what would later be called 'interactional linguistics'—a systematic merger of CA with fine-grained grammatical analysis showing how Finnish morphology, particles, and syntactic structures served interactional functions.
The Helsinki tradition flourished through multiple generations. Marja-Leena Sorjonen's work on response particles, assessments, and affiliation established paradigmatic methods for studying these phenomena cross-linguistically. Anssi Peräkylä, who earned his PhD at the University of London in 1992, pioneered the application of CA to psychotherapy and medical interaction, becoming one of the most cited EMCA scholars globally with over 14,000 citations. Later researchers like Pentti Haddington extended the tradition into multimodal interaction, mobility, and technology studies.
Denmark: Applied Linguistics and Organizational Talk
In Denmark, EMCA took root in applied linguistics, bilingualism, and human-computer interaction, especially around Aarhus and the University of Southern Denmark at Odense. Johannes Wagner at Southern Denmark became a major figure, developing EMCA approaches to second-language interaction. His 1997 article with Alan Firth, 'On Discourse, Communication, and (Some) Fundamental Concepts in SLA Research,' proved to be the most influential single article from Nordic EMCA—so impactful that the Modern Language Journal devoted an entire special issue in 2007 to discussing its implications a decade later.
The Firth-Wagner article argued for reconceptualizing second language acquisition research away from cognitivist and mentalist orientations toward social and contextual approaches. It challenged the dominant view of foreign language speakers as 'deficient communicators' and called for greater attention to the contextual and interactional dimensions of language use. This intervention helped establish CA-SLA (conversation analysis for second language acquisition) as a legitimate subfield and positioned Nordic scholars at the center of a paradigm debate.
At Aarhus, Jakob Steensig developed work on bilingual interaction and affiliation/alignment that became central to Danish CA. Birte Asmuß and colleagues applied EMCA to organizational communication and meetings, showing how institutional orders are talked into being through everyday interaction. Meanwhile, Pirkko Raudaskoski at Aalborg pushed EMCA toward the material turn, explicitly linking conversation analysis to assemblage theories and exploring new methods like 360-degree cameras.
The UCSB-Nordic Pipeline: Deirdre Boden and Jack Whalen
Two UCSB-trained scholars played crucial but often overlooked roles in connecting California ethnomethodology to Scandinavian intellectual culture. Their contributions help explain why Nordic EMCA developed its distinctive synthesis of linguistic analysis, institutional focus, and engagement with technology and design.
Deirdre Boden: Organizational EMCA Comes to Copenhagen
Deirdre Boden (1940-2001) was a sociologist and major international voice in EM/CA and organizational talk. Her unusual biography shaped her effectiveness as a 'conjoiner' of intellectual traditions. Born in San Francisco with Dublin roots, she spent seventeen years in the European film industry—working in Norway, Dublin, and London—before entering academia as a mature student. This career left her fluent in Norwegian and comfortable working across multiple European languages and cultures.
Boden discovered ethnomethodology at the University of Illinois and moved to UCSB, completing her PhD under Don Zimmerman in 1984. She was thus first-generation UCSB-trained, part of the cohort that learned EM/CA directly from its founders. Her career took her through Stanford, Washington University, Florence, Exeter, Lancaster, and Bologna before she assumed the Chair in Communication at Copenhagen Business School in 1997.
Boden's major intellectual contributions—the edited volume Talk and Social Structure (with Zimmerman, 1991) and her monograph The Business of Talk: Organizations in Action (1994)—helped frame CA as a method for linking speaker actions to social structure and institutional processes. One reviewer called The Business of Talk 'the long awaited face-to-face encounter between organization theory and ethnomethodology.' Her work showed how institutional orders are produced and reproduced through the mundane details of organizational talk: meetings, negotiations, agendas, leadership, power, and accountability in face-to-face interaction.
Boden held the Copenhagen chair from 1997 until her death in March 2001—precisely the period leading up to the first International Conference on Conversation Analysis in Copenhagen in 2002. Her presence at CBS brought direct EM/CA-informed thinking into a major Scandinavian business communication hub. As Harvey Molotch, Don Zimmerman, and Doug Maynard wrote in her memorial: 'Dede was a conjoiner: of ideas and data, of one discipline with another, of schools separated by ways of thinking, of people divided by intellectual and real oceans.'
The significance of Boden's Copenhagen position extends beyond her personal scholarship. She connected CA to organizational studies in ways that resonated with Nordic practical and applied orientations. Her prior years in Norway meant she understood Scandinavian academic culture from inside. And her institutional positioning at a business school—rather than a linguistics or sociology department—helped legitimate EMCA approaches in professional and organizational communication contexts that would become central to Nordic applied research.
Jack Whalen: The Technology-Workplace-Design Nexus
If Deirdre Boden helped bring UCSB EM/CA sensibilities into Scandinavian organizational communication, Jack Whalen helped wire Santa Barbara into the Nordic technology-workplace-design nexus. Trained in the Santa Barbara EM/CA world and deeply influenced by Zimmerman, Garfinkel, and the institutional-analysis tradition, Whalen became a central figure at Xerox PARC in the 1980s and 1990s. He was part of the legendary 'workplace studies' movement—ethnomethodology used to study how organizations actually function in lived practice, especially technologically mediated work.
This matters because many Nordic EMCA centers—especially in Denmark, Finland, and Norway—developed EMCA in tandem with human-computer interaction (HCI), computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW), participatory design, and studies of public-sector and welfare-state institutions. Whalen's work was already exactly in that space, and Scandinavia was already a global center for participatory design with its moral commitment that users' voices matter, that institutions must be accountable, and that systems should be democratic.
That Scandinavian design ethos fits perfectly with UCSB EM/CA's attention to the moral order of institutions, with Goodwin-style analyses of professional vision, and with workplace ethnography focused on accountability. Xerox PARC's workplace studies became required reading in Nordic CSCW circles at Aarhus, Aalborg, Oslo, and Tampere. Whalen became a known figure in these communities, and his themes—organizational reasoning, real-time coordination, how institutional talk produces decisions, how technology doesn't just 'support' work but reorganizes accountability—became exactly the themes Nordic EMCA institutional research thrives on.
Whalen's influence is visible across the Nordic region. In Denmark, the Aarhus CSCW community and Aalborg's work on communication, technology, and sociomateriality drew on PARC traditions. In Finland, Oulu's interest in mobility, workplace coordination, and multimodal fieldwork reflects similar concerns. Norwegian educational and institutional interactionists draw on PARC's applied EMCA tradition. Swedish institutional interaction and public-sector communication research shares the same intellectual DNA.
What Nordic researchers discovered was that Whalen's UCSB-trained sensibility—order, accountability, and institutional reasoning lived in the breath-by-breath moments of organizational practice—gave them a vocabulary and a method to make sense of welfare-state institutions, technologically mediated work, and the everyday ethics of professional practice. Whalen is part of why the Nordic formation isn't simply linguistic; it is also applied, institutional, technological, and deeply political in the small-p sense of public life.
Sweden: Interpreting, Grammar, and Child Interaction
In Sweden, EMCA arrived primarily through Scandinavian language studies and translation research. Anna Lindström at Uppsala produced foundational work on Swedish telephone openings and grammar-in-interaction. Her analyses of identification and recognition sequences demonstrated how CA methods could illuminate language-specific interactional practices while contributing to general theoretical understanding.
Cecilia Wadensjö developed a distinctive Swedish contribution through her work on interpreter-mediated interaction. Sitting in police stations and courtrooms, recording interpreted hearings, she analyzed how responsibility is distributed across languages and how interpreters manage their role in institutional encounters. Her book Interpreting as Interaction became foundational for both EMCA and interpreting studies.
At Linköping University, Per Linell developed a distinctive 'dialogical' approach that engaged CA with Bakhtinian theory, producing influential theoretical works on dialogism as an alternative to monological conceptions of mind and language. Meanwhile, Asta Cekaite at Linköping's Child Studies department became central for multimodal interaction research with children—touch, emotion, moral socialization, and bilingual play. The Estonian scholar Leelo Keevallik, based at Uppsala and later Linköping, brought Estonian CA to Sweden while training new generations of Swedish researchers in interactional linguistics.
Norway: A Newer but Energetic Scene
Norway developed its EMCA presence more recently but with considerable energy. The University of Oslo anchors fundamental CA research and training through its Conversation Analysis and Interactional Linguistics group. As Oslo's own materials acknowledge, it remains 'one of rare places in Norway offering specialization courses in conversation analysis.'
Jan Svennevig emerged as the leading Norwegian CA figure, working on first encounters, multilingual interaction, dementia talk, and health communication. His research on getting acquainted and police interviews demonstrates Norwegian EMCA's practical orientation toward professional settings. The Network for Interaction Analysis (NIA) at the University of South-Eastern Norway uses CA to study learning processes and runs annual conferences on 'Conversation as a Tool for Professional Practice' alongside PhD courses in CA for education research.
Iceland: A Nascent but Connected Tradition
Iceland represents a still-nascent EMCA tradition. Helga Hilmisdóttir pioneered Icelandic CA after completing her PhD at Helsinki in 2007, training in the Finnish tradition before establishing the field in Iceland. Her work and that of scholars like Þórunn Blöndal on turn-taking and grammar in Icelandic demonstrates how even the smallest language communities can develop CA research when connected to larger networks. Iceland functions more as part of the regional Nordic ecosystem—networked into conferences like NORDISCO—than as an independent institutional hub.
Part II: What Makes Nordic EMCA Distinctive
The Interactional Linguistics Synthesis
Perhaps the most significant Nordic contribution to global EMCA is the systematic development of 'interactional linguistics'—the integration of CA sequential analysis with fine-grained linguistic description. Where American CA emerged primarily from sociology (with important exceptions like Charles Goodwin's work), Nordic researchers often came from linguistics departments and brought deep knowledge of grammar, morphology, and prosody to interactional questions.
This produced distinctive analyses showing how grammatical structures serve interactional functions: how Finnish particles organize stance and affiliation, how Swedish word order manages turn-taking, how Danish prosody signals sequence organization. The landmark volume Syntax and Lexis in Conversation (edited by Hakulinen and Selting, 2005) exemplifies this approach, bringing together studies across six European languages showing linguistic items in their action contexts.
Morphological Complexity as Analytical Resource
The morphological complexity of Nordic languages—Finnish with its fifteen cases, Estonian's similarly rich system, Icelandic's preserved inflectional heritage—forced the development of analytical approaches quite different from those developed for English. Researchers couldn't simply apply English-based findings; they had to develop language-specific analyses while maintaining connections to general CA principles.
Sorjonen's work on Finnish response particles exemplifies this. Her book Responding in Conversation (2001) provides methodological tools for analyzing response particles that have been applied across many languages, while its particular focus on Finnish particles like nii(n) and joo demonstrates how language-specific resources accomplish general interactional work.
Deep Embedding in Welfare State Institutions
Nordic EMCA has been deeply embedded in welfare state institutions from its inception. A striking proportion of the research concerns healthcare, social work, education, and public services: doctor-patient interaction, patient involvement, lifestyle discussions in emergency rooms, social work encounters, interpreting in courts and police stations, classroom interaction, teacher education.
This is not coincidental. The Nordic countries are famous for universalistic welfare states, strong public sectors, and institutionalized ideals of equality and transparency. These welfare-state institutions create countless everyday encounters where rights, services, and equality are at stake. EMCA provides methods to show, in exquisite detail, whether institutions behave the way they claim—whether patients really get 'shared decision-making,' whether interpreters can maintain neutrality and fairness, whether classroom practices genuinely support inclusion.
Receptivity to Multimodal and Material Approaches
Nordic EMCA has been notably receptive to multimodal and material approaches to interaction. Researchers like Pentti Haddington have developed analyses of interaction in mobile settings—driving, walking, navigating—that require attending to embodied conduct, material environments, and technological artifacts. His edited volume Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis in Motion (2023) represents this emerging methodological frontier.
Pirkko Raudaskoski's work explicitly links EMCA to assemblage theories and explores new recording technologies like 360-degree cameras. Asta Cekaite's research on touch in family interaction and child socialization demonstrates how embodied, affective aspects of interaction can be analyzed with CA-informed methods. This openness to materiality and embodiment—shaped partly by the Whalen/PARC influence on Nordic CSCW—positions Nordic EMCA to engage with broader theoretical developments while maintaining commitment to detailed empirical analysis.
Strong Regional Networks
The Nordic countries are small, with generous research councils and established habits of cross-national collaboration. EMCA piggybacks on these patterns. The NORDISCO conference (Nordic Interdisciplinary Conference on Discourse and Interaction) rotates across Nordic universities and brings together CA researchers, interactional linguists, and discursive psychologists. The Network for Interaction Analysis (NIA) connects Norwegian researchers with the broader community. NordForsk funding enables cross-border projects.
Mutual intelligibility among Scandinavian languages (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish) and the shared position of Finnish and Estonian as Finno-Ugric outsiders creates interesting dynamics for comparative research and collaborative training. Researchers trained in one country frequently work in others—Hilmisdóttir trained in Helsinki for Icelandic CA, Keevallik brought Estonian CA to Uppsala and Linköping. This mobility creates dense networks of intellectual exchange.
Part III: Key Figures and Institutional Infrastructure
Pioneer Researchers by Country
Finland: Auli Hakulinen introduced CA to Finland and pioneered grammar-in-interaction approaches to Finnish particles and syntax. Marja-Leena Sorjonen's work on response particles and assessments established paradigmatic methods used globally. Anssi Peräkylä became one of the world's most influential EMCA researchers through his studies of psychotherapy, medical interaction, and emotion in interaction. Ilkka Arminen contributed major theoretical work on ethnomethodology and institutional interaction.
Denmark: Johannes Wagner's CA-SLA work, especially the 1997 Firth-Wagner article, fundamentally shaped how language learning research engages with interactional perspectives. Jakob Steensig developed influential analyses of bilingual interaction and response systems. Birte Asmuß advanced organizational and meeting interaction research.
Sweden: Per Linell developed dialogism as a theoretical framework while Anna Lindström contributed foundational work on Swedish grammar-in-interaction. Cecilia Wadensjö established interpreter-mediated interaction as a major research domain. Leelo Keevallik advanced interactional linguistics and multimodal analysis. Asta Cekaite pioneered embodied interaction and child socialization research.
Norway: Jan Svennevig became the central Norwegian CA figure, contributing work on workplace interaction, first encounters, and health communication.
Major Training Centers
The University of Helsinki stands as the preeminent Nordic center, having produced multiple generations of CA scholars, extensive doctoral programs, rich conversational data archives, and regular data sessions. Linköping University houses the Language and Culture research environment and hosts the Conversation and Interaction Seminar (SIS), maintaining Per Linell's legacy of interdisciplinary graduate training.
The University of Southern Denmark at Odense anchors CA-SLA research, while Aarhus University has strong programs in conversation analysis and pragmatics. Aalborg University combines EMCA with material and assemblage approaches. In Norway, the University of Oslo hosts the Conversation Analysis and Interactional Linguistics research group, and the University of South-Eastern Norway runs the Network for Interaction Analysis with PhD courses and the annual CAPP conference.
Part IV: The Canon—Most Influential Nordic EMCA Publications
Citation counts in EMCA differ by discipline—linguistics versus sociology versus HCI—and influence is often measured by course readers, handbook chapters, and editorial prominence as much as raw citation tallies. With those caveats, certain Nordic publications stand out for their sustained impact:
- Firth & Wagner (1997), 'On Discourse, Communication, and (Some) Fundamental Concepts in SLA Research'—with approximately 1,445 citations, the most impactful single Nordic EMCA article, sparking a decade of debate in language acquisition research.
- Sorjonen (2001), Responding in Conversation: A Study of Response Particles in Finnish—establishing methods for cross-linguistic study of response systems.
- Linell (1998), Approaching Dialogue: Talk, Interaction and Contexts in Dialogical Perspectives—framing dialogism as a theoretical alternative to monological approaches.
- Peräkylä (1995), AIDS Counselling: Institutional Interaction and Clinical Practice—pioneering CA approaches to medical/institutional interaction.
- Boden (1994), The Business of Talk: Organizations in Action—bringing EM/CA to organizational studies and management research.
- Boden & Zimmerman, eds. (1991), Talk and Social Structure—landmark collection framing CA as method for linking interaction to social structure.
- Peräkylä & Sorjonen, eds. (2012), Emotion in Interaction—systematically examining emotion in social interaction with major international contributors.
- Hakulinen & Selting, eds. (2005), Syntax and Lexis in Conversation—the landmark interactional linguistics volume.
- Linell (2009), Rethinking Language, Mind, and World Dialogically—consolidating dialogism as a distinctive paradigm.
- Haddington et al., eds. (2023), Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis in Motion—advancing multimodal and mobile methods.
Part V: Conferences and the Crystallization of EMCA as a Discipline
The first International Conference on Conversation Analysis in Copenhagen in 2002 marks a pivotal moment for both Nordic and global EMCA. Before this, CA researchers gathered at general linguistics or sociology conferences or in informal data sessions. Copenhagen was the first large international gathering devoted specifically to conversation analysis.
The choice of Copenhagen was significant—it signaled that CA had grown beyond California origins to become a genuinely international enterprise, with Nordic countries as central players rather than peripheral recipients. Deirdre Boden's presence at Copenhagen Business School during the late 1990s, though she died before the conference, likely contributed to the intellectual infrastructure that made Copenhagen a natural choice.
Helsinki hosted the 2006 ICCA conference, organized by Sorjonen and Hakulinen, with twice as many papers as the inaugural Copenhagen meeting. The Mannheim conference in 2010 attracted approximately 600 scholars, making clear that the successes of earlier conferences were not a 'flash in the pan.' The International Society for Conversation Analysis (ISCA) was founded at Mannheim, formalizing what had been accomplished through years of organizational labor—much of it Nordic.
The regional NORDISCO conference, established in 2010 and rotating biennially among Nordic countries (Aalborg, Linköping, Helsinki, Oslo, Aarhus, Tampere, Trondheim), provides ongoing infrastructure for Nordic CA researchers, interactional linguists, and discursive psychologists to share work and maintain connections.
Part VI: Does 'Nordic Temperament' Explain Anything?
It is tempting to tell a romantic story: Nordic people are quiet, egalitarian, consensus-oriented, so of course an approach that studies the subtle morals of everyday talk flourished there. Nordic interactional patterns feature comfortable silence, minimal overlap, and restraint—and CA's attention to silence organization, turn-taking, and minimal responses resonates with analysts who experience these as culturally normal rather than problematic.
There is a grain of truth here, but we should be careful not to turn complex histories into national character myths. More grounded explanations emphasize institutional and political factors:
- Nordic welfare states created natural laboratories for institutional interaction research—publicly funded healthcare, education, and social services accessible to researchers.
- State-funded professional education created demand for research-based communication training, connecting CA findings to practical professional development.
- Interventionist welfare state ideology values research improving service delivery, giving CA studies of doctor-patient interaction and social service encounters policy relevance.
- Small language communities (Finnish, Icelandic, Estonian) require documentation and analysis independent of English-centric research, creating demand for CA methods adaptable to language-specific analysis.
- Generous research funding and habits of cross-national collaboration enabled the network-building that characterizes Nordic EMCA.
- Scandinavian participatory design culture—with its emphasis on democratic institutions, user involvement, and accountability—provided fertile ground for Whalen-style workplace studies and applied EMCA.
In short, EMCA is a good fit for the moral-political projects of Nordic welfare states, not just for the personalities of Nordic citizens. The approach offers tools to examine whether welfare state ideals are realized in actual encounters—and that capacity aligned with political and funding priorities in ways that enabled the field to flourish.
Conclusion: The Nordic Contribution to Global EMCA
The Nordic contribution to EMCA represents intellectual diffusion and local adaptation. What began as imports from California sociology became thoroughly naturalized, generating distinctive theoretical contributions—interactional linguistics, dialogism, CA-SLA—while maintaining fidelity to CA's core empirical commitments. Nordic researchers didn't just adopt EMCA; they transformed it, showing how the approach could engage with linguistic complexity, welfare state institutions, multimodal environments, and applied professional domains in ways that enriched the global field.
The bridge figures of Deirdre Boden and Jack Whalen remind us that intellectual diffusion rarely happens through texts alone. Boden's seventeen years in European film, her Norwegian fluency, her institutional positioning at Copenhagen Business School—these biographical details created the conditions for her to become a 'conjoiner' of intellectual traditions. Whalen's workplace studies at Xerox PARC traveled easily into Scandinavia's participatory design culture precisely because both shared moral commitments to understanding institutional accountability in lived practice.
The institutional infrastructure for CA—conferences, societies, journals—emerged partly from Nordic organizational labor. The Copenhagen-Helsinki-Mannheim trajectory that established CA as a mature discipline with its own institutional reproduction mechanisms depended significantly on Nordic scholars, venues, and networks.
The Nordic formation is less a 'school' in the Santa Barbara sense and more an ecosystem: a set of people who keep meeting, sharing corpora and PhD students, building research infrastructure across national borders. That ecosystem continues to produce innovative research, train new generations, and shape global conversations about language, interaction, and social life.
Bibliography
Primary Nordic EMCA Sources
Arminen, Ilkka. 2005. Institutional Interaction: Studies of Talk at Work. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Asmuß, Birte, and Jan Svennevig. 2009. "Meeting Talk: An Introduction." Journal of Business Communication 46 (1): 3–22.
Boden, Deirdre. 1994. The Business of Talk: Organizations in Action. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Boden, Deirdre, and Don H. Zimmerman, eds. 1991. Talk and Social Structure: Studies in Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Cekaite, Asta. 2010. "Shepherding the Child: Embodied Directive Sequences in Parent-Child Interactions." Text & Talk 30 (1): 1–25.
Firth, Alan, and Johannes Wagner. 1997. "On Discourse, Communication, and (Some) Fundamental Concepts in SLA Research." Modern Language Journal 81 (3): 285–300.
Firth, Alan, and Johannes Wagner. 2007. "Second/Foreign Language Learning as a Social Accomplishment: Elaborations on a Reconceptualized SLA." Modern Language Journal 91 (Focus Issue): 800–819.
Haddington, Pentti, Tiina Eilittä, Antti Kamunen, et al., eds. 2023. Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis in Motion: Emerging Methods and New Technologies. London: Routledge.
Hakulinen, Auli, and Margret Selting, eds. 2005. Syntax and Lexis in Conversation: Studies on the Use of Linguistic Resources in Talk-in-Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Hakulinen, Auli, and Marja-Leena Sorjonen. 1993. "Research on Spoken Interaction in Finland." Research on Language and Social Interaction 26 (3): 335–346.
Hakulinen, Auli, Maria Vilkuna, Riitta Korhonen, Vesa Koivisto, Tarja Riitta Heinonen, and Irja Alho. 2004. Iso suomen kielioppi [Great Finnish Grammar]. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
Hilmisdóttir, Helga Kristín. 2007. "A Sequential Analysis of nú and núna in Icelandic Conversation." PhD diss., University of Helsinki.
Keevallik, Leelo. 2013. "The Interdependence of Bodily Demonstrations and Clausal Syntax." Research on Language and Social Interaction 46 (1): 1–21.
Lindström, Anna. 1994. "Identification and Recognition in Swedish Telephone Conversation Openings." Language in Society 23 (2): 231–252.
Lindström, Anna, and Marja-Leena Sorjonen. 2013. "Affiliation in Conversation." In The Handbook of Conversation Analysis, edited by Jack Sidnell and Tanya Stivers, 350–369. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Lindström, Jan. 2006. "Grammar in the Service of Interaction: Exploring Turn Organization in Swedish." Research on Language and Social Interaction 39 (1): 81–117.
Linell, Per. 1998. Approaching Dialogue: Talk, Interaction and Contexts in Dialogical Perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Linell, Per. 2009. Rethinking Language, Mind, and World Dialogically: Interactional and Contextual Theories of Human Sense-Making. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Peräkylä, Anssi. 1995. AIDS Counselling: Institutional Interaction and Clinical Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Peräkylä, Anssi, Charles Antaki, Sanna Vehviläinen, and Ivan Leudar, eds. 2008. Conversation Analysis and Psychotherapy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Peräkylä, Anssi, and Marja-Leena Sorjonen, eds. 2012. Emotion in Interaction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Peräkylä, Anssi, and Sanna Vehviläinen. 2003. "Conversation Analysis and the Professional Stocks of Interactional Knowledge." Discourse & Society 14 (6): 727–750.
Raudaskoski, Pirkko Liisa. 2023. "Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis and the Study of Assemblages." Frontiers in Sociology 8: 1088099.
Sorjonen, Marja-Leena. 2001. Responding in Conversation: A Study of Response Particles in Finnish. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Steensig, Jakob. 2001. "Conversation Analysis and the Study of Bilingual Interaction." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 4 (2): 171–186.
Stivers, Tanya, Lorenza Mondada, and Jakob Steensig, eds. 2011. The Morality of Knowledge in Conversation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Svennevig, Jan. 1999. Getting Acquainted in Conversation: A Study of Initial Interactions. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Wadensjö, Cecilia. 1998. Interpreting as Interaction. London: Longman.
Wagner, Johannes, and Kristian Mortensen, eds. 2013. "Conversation Analysis." In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, edited by Carol A. Chapelle, 1057–1127. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Whalen, Jack. 1995. "A Technology of Order Production: Computer-Aided Dispatch in Public Safety Communication." In Situated Order: Studies in the Social Organization of Talk and Embodied Activities, edited by Paul ten Have and George Psathas, 187–230. Washington, DC: University Press of America.
Whalen, Jack, and Erik Vinkhuyzen. 2000. "Expert Systems in (Inter)Action: Diagnosing Document Machine Problems over the Telephone." In Workplace Studies: Recovering Work Practice and Informing System Design, edited by Paul Luff, Jon Hindmarsh, and Christian Heath, 92–140. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Whalen, Marilyn R., and Jack Whalen. 2011. "Interactivity and the Situated Organization of Common Activities." In Communication Matters: Materialist Approaches to Media, Mobility, and Networks, edited by Jeremy Packer and Stephen B. Crofts Wiley, 109–135. London: Routledge.
Foundational EMCA Works
Garfinkel, Harold. 1967. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Heritage, John. 1984. Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Jefferson, Gail. 2004. "Glossary of Transcript Symbols with an Introduction." In Conversation Analysis: Studies from the First Generation, edited by Gene H. Lerner, 13–31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Sacks, Harvey. 1992. Lectures on Conversation, edited by Gail Jefferson. 2 vols. Oxford: Blackwell.
Sacks, Harvey, Emanuel A. Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson. 1974. "A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation." Language 50 (4): 696–735.
Schegloff, Emanuel A. 2007. Sequence Organization in Interaction: A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schegloff, Emanuel A., Gail Jefferson, and Harvey Sacks. 1977. "The Preference for Self-Correction in the Organization of Repair in Conversation." Language 53 (2): 361–382.
Handbooks and Reference Works
Antaki, Charles, ed. 2011. Applied Conversation Analysis: Intervention and Change in Institutional Talk. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Atkinson, J. Maxwell, and John Heritage, eds. 1984. Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth, and Margret Selting. 2018. Interactional Linguistics: Studying Language in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Drew, Paul, and John Heritage, eds. 1992. Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Have, Paul ten. 2007. Doing Conversation Analysis: A Practical Guide. 2nd ed. London: SAGE.
Hepburn, Alexa, and Galina B. Bolden. 2017. Transcribing for Social Research. London: SAGE.
Heritage, John, and Steven Clayman. 2010. Talk in Action: Interactions, Identities, and Institutions. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Lerner, Gene H., ed. 2004. Conversation Analysis: Studies from the First Generation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Luff, Paul, Jon Hindmarsh, and Christian Heath, eds. 2000. Workplace Studies: Recovering Work Practice and Informing System Design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sidnell, Jack. 2010. Conversation Analysis: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Sidnell, Jack, ed. 2009. Conversation Analysis: Comparative Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sidnell, Jack, and Tanya Stivers, eds. 2013. The Handbook of Conversation Analysis. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
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